name_en
romanCAN
name_zh
otherName_en
otherName_zh
修改
The adapts property refers to the relation that a Master adapts certain (existing) techniques, training methods like forms and form sets, weapons, training tools, or even a style or system.
采用
The property adopts is essentially the verb adopt, signifying that a martial arts system or style adopts a training method, or a transmission institute or syllabus adopts a training method.
創造
創建
The creates property refers to the relation that a Master creates certain (new) techniques, training methods like forms and form sets, weapons, training tools, or even a style or system.
developed_from
記錄
Instances of Techniques, particularly Combo_tech, acquire the identity of a combo technique with a collective impact of its technical components. To capture these characteristics, we use the employs property to indicate that a more complex instance of Technique is fulfilled by employing another or several other basic ones.
運用
包含
A form, whether static or dynamic, is a choreographed pattern of movement comprising a unitary sequence of basic techniques. Hence, the conventional interpretation is that a form has several technical components while simultaneously serving as a training tool for those techniques and the qualities relevant to fulfilling them. The property has component is used; it is designed to inherit the CIDOC-CRM declaration of P148 has component and to indicate the relationship between a form and the technique(s) trained within.
意圖
The class MA_Tactic addresses the former case, in combination with the property has intent to describe an instance of Form or Technique that embodies the intent to achieve specific tactics, such as attacking, defending, deflecting, controlling distance, or complex maneuvers.
has_work
著作
has_film_appearance
在影视作品出現
has_photo
有照片
模仿（仿生）
Certain techniques, forms, or styles are considered to imitate specific creatures or living things, for instance, through their relation to classes like symbolic_animal
imitates
located_at
習練于
The practiced_in property signifies that an instance of Form_set is practised in a specific style.
習練
The practices property signifies that a Master is known to practise a certain style or system.
體現
The execution of a form, occasionally a technique alone, represents certain tactical intents or guiding principles underlying the movement rationale of a martial arts style. The property represents is used to connect an instance of Form to one of MA_principle, indicating that the technical movements follow a specific guiding principle or a combination of several. The property represents in MAon shares a similar interpretation with the P138 represents declared in CIDOC-CRM. However, their domains differ, as observed thus far. The represents here establishes connections between two E89 Propositional Objects, typically linking one E89 Propositional Object with an E28 Conceptual Object.
The similar_movement_to property represents a conceptual similarity between instances of Form.
相似（招式）
相似（套路）
The similar_set_to property represents a conceptual similarity between instances of Form_set.
similar_set_to
相似（技術）
The similar_to property represents a conceptual similarity between instances of Technique.
模仿（替代）
Training tools refer to objects created to simulate a weapon, or part of it, to train a specific technique or physical qualities. The property simulates is utilized to indicate a possible analogy
simulates
taught_at
訓練
The trains property is established to connect an instance of Training_method to one or more of Technique if the former contributes to the development of the latter.
武器類型
has_courtesy_name
has_pseudonym
has_ethnicity
民族
has_gender
性别
has_birth_year
生年
has_death_year
卒年
has_profession
职业
has_life_experience
生平
Form set
套路
Taolu
kata
The class Form_set addresses the concept of form set (often referred to as form) – the sequential arrangement of form movements. Commonly known as the Chinese term taolu and its Japanese equivalent, kata. An instance of Form_set features a set routine of multiple instances of Form_movement in sequential order. While most form sets are designed for individual practice, some also serve as interactive sparring exercises, represented through the class Sparring_set.
Form_set
E21.Person
E22.Man-made Object
E31.Document
E41.Appellation
E52.Time-Span
E53.Place
E77.Persistent Item
Martial Arts Clan
家族譜系
Martial Arts Family
A martial arts clan is a traditional group or lineage founded by a martial arts master, often teaching a specific martial arts system. Clans may enforce unique training methods, honor codes, or stylistic principles.
MA_Clan
Martial Arts Organization
武術組織
MA_Organization
Martial Arts Masters
師傅
Martial Artist
Sifu
武術家
The class MA_master designates individuals conventionally recognized for their remarkable achievements in martial arts skills and their contributions to the transmission and development of martial knowledge. Instances of this class can include historical martial arts practitioners and legendary figures, with the possibility to annotate or classify further.
MA_Master
Martial Arts Document
武術文檔
The class MA_Document encompasses a variety of information objects that record aspects of martial arts. These can be either physical or digital and include ancient manuscripts, books, manuals, and audiovisual contents, amongst others. It's important to note that an instance of MA_Document may behold identities. We bridge the class with the CIDOC-CRM E31 Document to facilitate flexible interoperations and potential acquisition of additional data, and facilitates semantic enrichment of other linked data sources through assertion or inference rules.
MA_Document
Form movement
招式
zhaoshi
The class Form_movement encapsulates the concept of individual units of movement within a training form – a fundamental aspect of technical and stylistic training in traditional martial arts. Examples of this class include zhaoshi (or shi) in Chinese terminology. An instance of form movement, whether static or dynamic, is a choreographed pattern of movement comprising a unitary sequence of basic techniques. It typically involves a movement that employs several techniques, simultaneously serving as a training tool for those techniques and the qualities relevant to fulfilling them. The property has component is used; it is designed to inherit the CIDOC-CRM declaration of P148 has component and to indicate the relationship between a form_movement and the technique(s) trained within.
Form_movement
Martial Arts Institute
武術機構
The class MA_institute conceptualizes any collective social agent where martial arts teaching, training, assessment, or dissemination occurs, e.g. a school, clan, sect, or sports federation. Instances of this class typically have a physical location, represented by the property located at to relate to a place, accordingly subsuming the CIDOC-CRM assertions about E53 Place and P156 occupies.
Principle (martial arts)
原則
MA_principle pertains to the guiding principles that underlie the movement rationale of specific techniques or a style in general, typically varying among different martial arts styles and systems.
Martial Arts Style
武術流派
武術風格
The class MA_style conceptualizes the individual stylistic genre of martial art. Each instance holds an umbrella term representing the style’s name, typically denoting a group of martial arts styles sharing similar kinaesthetic qualities, norms, and principles.
MA_Style
Syllabus (martial arts)
（武術）教學大綱
The term "syllabus" generally refers to the subjects covered in a course of study or teaching, offering a comprehensive overview or summary of the curriculum. This concept extends to martial arts contexts as well. It is important to note that certain systems or styles have well-defined and widely accepted modern syllabi, including grading and ranking systems, while many traditional martial arts systems lack a standardized approach.
Martial Arts System
武術系統
The class MA_system represents the concept of martial arts systems, which pertains to an upper-level systemic grouping of different styles, such as Chinese Martial Arts, European Martial Arts, Japanese Martial Arts, or sub-systems like Southern Chinese Martial Arts or Southern Styles, and Northern Styles. Styles within a system typically share a consistent methodological framework and principles, and sometimes have identical geographic origins or parent styles.
Tactic
戰術
策略（小粒度的）
Tactics in martial arts concerns how to use/apply the techniques to achieve a strategic goal, such as subduing the opponent. While the concept of strategy is a broader concept employing the need for planning long-term, a tactic is a preferred concept to denote the way used to achieve a smaller, strategic goal, in line with the strategy.
技術
The class Technique is designed to function as a connector between different modules, establishing connections between general kinetic elements, technical interpretations, stylistic expressions, and methods of training, application, teaching, and documentation. This class expands four major categorical subclasses: Handwork, Footwork, Bodywork, and Bridge, each aiming o provide an embodied understanding of the techniques' structure. Accordingly, most instances of Technique are subsumed under one of the three principal categories given which anatomical part is substantially involved.
Weaponry
武器
Armament
軍備
Weaponry (or Armament) is the umbrella term encompassing military weapons and equipment.
Bridge
The class Bridge represent the concept of “bridge” or referred to as “bridge hand(s)” in traditional Chinese martial arts. The concept is particularly articulated in the Hung Kuen system. The term bridge means the connection between yourself and your opponent. The skill of bridge relates to the ability to manipulate one's own body structure, to control the ranges, amongst others.
Body_control
Bodywork
身法
Bodywork signifies the nimble application of the body and accentuates a coherent yet flexible use of the waist and upper-body muscles.
Breath_control
Breathing Technique
breathing_tetch is the class for breathing techniques, a fundamental aspect of martial arts, as well as physical training and life in general. Proper breathing can enhance physical performance, force generation, and mindfulness.
呼吸法
Claw technique
爪法
Claw techniques denote the techniques that use the hand in the shape simulating an animal's claw (such as tiger, crane, etc), and are considered fierce and effective techniques that can result in serious damage.
Technique Combination
技術組合
Combo Tech
The class Combo_tech denotes a technique combination, often addressed as combo tech, that is a combination of multiple others, typically involving movements in different body segments. Instances of such techniques acquire the identity of a combo technique with a collective impact of its technical components. To capture these characteristics, the employs property is used to indicate that a more complex instance of Technique is fulfilled by employing another or several other basic ones.
Elbow technique
Zaang Faat
Zhou Fa
踭法
肘法
Elbow techniques denote the techniques that use the elbow joint, usually in tandem with coherent moves in the forearm.
Connection_bridges
Fist techniques denote the techniques that use the hand in the fist shape, namely, with the fingers bent towards the palm. Fists are not necessarily held tightly, depending on which fist type is employed.
Fist_tech
Footwork
脚法
步法
Footwork is the umbrella term for techniques of the feet and legs in martial arts. It includes subclasses of static Stance or dynamic Leg_Tech.
Gesture
Sau Jing
Shou Xing
手形
Hand shape
Gestures, or hand shapes, denote the shape or status of the hand employed in a specific handwork.
手法
Handwork is the umbrella term for techniques of the hands and forearms in martial arts. It encompass specific types of Palm_Tech, Fist_Tech, Claw_Tech, Elbow_Tech, and Gesture.
Honor_code
Fighting_strategy
Leg technique
腿法
Leg technique denotes the skills of the lower limbs in martial arts, primarily kicking attacks or kicking techniques.
Leg_tech
Palm technique
掌法
Open-hand strike
Palm techniques, or open-hand strikes include various techniques used in martial arts to attack or defend without curling the hand into a fist.
Physical training
身體訓練
體能訓練
Physical training is the general terme for the systemic use of the exercises to promote the body fitness and strength.
Physical_training
Sparring
對練
Sparring is a form of training common to many combat sports and is considered the closest thing to a real fight without actually fighting. Usually, two persons are involved in sparring training, yet more is possible.
Stance
Maa Bou
Ma bu
馬步
In martial arts, stances are the distribution, foot orientation and body positions (particularly the legs and torso) adopted when attacking, defending, advancing, or retreating.
Symbolic Animal
象徵動物
Certain martial arts styles may associate themselves with one or multiple creatures or living things as symbols, indicated by the property has_symbol pointing to an instance of Symbolic_animal. It is widely held that many martial arts styles draw inspiration from the habits and moves of specific creatures like animals in designing their movement and tactical patterns. For example, the various Praying Mantis styles are inspired by the mantis (insect), and the White Crane kung fu imitates the crane (bird).
Symbolic_animal
Training method
訓練方法
The class Training_method encompasses methods created or adapted by a teaching master for learners to practice specific techniques while developing necessary physical qualities and comprehending the movement principles embedded. Instances of this class may feature a unitary exercise - a Form, or a series of exercises constituting a set - an instance of Form_set. While forms and form sets can vary significantly across styles and systems, they all serve training purposes. Another two categories of training methods crucial for developing martial arts skills are Physical_training and Sparring, both not codified. In any of these situations, the trains property is established to connect an instance of Training_method to one or more of Technique if the former contributes to the development of the latter.
Training_method
Training Tool
訓練工具
Training tools refer to objects created to simulate a weapon - an entity of armament, or part of it, to train a specific technique or physical qualities. The property simulates is utilized to indicate a possible analogy.
Training_tool
Weapon technique
武器技術
Weapon technique is the umbrella term that denotes the techniques that involve the use of a weapon - an entity of armament, or a training tool.
Weapon_tech